Physical Geography of India | Geography for UPSC Examination
Introduction
The vast area of India is not the same everywhere in physical terms, but there is a lot of diversity in its relief. It has high mountain ranges at some places and vast plains at some places. River bells and plateau parts also exist in the country. If new mountain ranges like Himalayas are located in the north; so are the ancient mountain ranges like Aravalli, Satpura, Vindhyachal.
The expansion of high mountain ranges is found on 10.7 percent of the total area of the country, whose height is 2,135 m from the beach or more of it 305 to 2,135 m from the beach. High altitude hills are also spread over 18.6 percent of the country. Thus the total mountainous portion is 29.3 percent. The plateau area with an elevation of 305 to 915 m above sea level is also on 27.7 percent area of the country, while the remaining 43.0 percent is found on wide plains.
In terms of relief, India is generally classified into four natural or physical parts, which are:
1. The Great Mountains of North
2. The North Indian Plain
3. The Peninsular Plateau
4. The Coastal Plains
Again, the vast deserts of the Thar and the islands located in the sea share a special type of physical appearance.
The mountain and mountainous region of the north is also known as the Himalayan mountain region, which is 2400 km in the shape of an arc on the north border of the country. Its area is about 5 lakh sq km.
It originates from Pamir's knot.
It originates from virtually a geology called Tethys Sagar.
The total length of the Himalayan range is 2,400 km from Guadar on the Makran coast to the Mizo hills in the east.
While its width is 400 km in the west and 160 km in the east.
The topography of the Himalayas consists mainly of three long and curved ranges, whose elevation increases progressively from south to north.
Due to slowness, it has taken seven million years to attain the present height.
Physically, there are four parallel ranges in the Himalayas, in which the Trans or Tibet Himalayas are located in the north, the Great or Inner Himalayas, the Small or Middle Himalayas and the Sub or Shivalik ranges respectively in its south.
The Trance or Tibet Himalayan range
This lies to the north.
It was discovered in 1906 by Swain sir.
Its length is 100 km and the width is found 40 km on the eastern and western sides and 225 km in the middle.
The average elevation of this range is found from 3,100 to 3,700 m.
The average elevation of this range ranges from 3,100 to 3,700 m and due to the cold climatic climate there is complete lack of vegetation.
This category plays the role of water divider between the rivers falling in the Bay of Bengal and the rivers originating from the land-covered lakes in the north.
The Himalayas
The Himalayas lie in three parallel mountain ranges that extend from the Indus Guard in the west to the Brahmaputra Guard in the east.
From Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh the Himalayan range extends 2500 km.
The width of this mountain range is 150 km in the east and is 500 km to the west.
For the convenience of study, the Himalayan mountain range can be classified into three major parts.
The Great or inner Himalayan
It is the most prominent and the highest and highest range of the Himalayan ranges, whose length is 2,500 km from the turn of the Indus River in the north to the turn of the Brahmaputra River in the east.
Its width is 120 to 190 km and average height 6,100 m.
Due to the high altitude, the Himalayas are covered with snow throughout the year, so it is also called Himadri.
The highest mountain peaks of the world are found in this category, the main ones are - Mount Everest (8,848 m), Kanchenjunga (8,598 m), Makalu (8,481 m), Dhaulagiri (8,172 m), Mansalu (8156 m). ), Nanga Parbat (8,126 m), Annapurna (8,078 m), Gowai Than (8,013 m), Nanda Devi (7,817 m), Namchabarwa (7,756 m), Haramosh (7,397 m), etc.
In this range, the high plains of Devasai and Rupashu are found in the north-south of the Zaskar range towards the north-west.
The valleys of Indus, Sutlej, Dihang, Ganga, Yamuna and their tributaries are located in this category.
The Small or Middle Himalayan Range
It is a parallel to the south of the Great Himalayas. Its width is 80 to 100 km.
The average elevation is found to be between 1828 to 3000, 1000 m by rivers in this category. More deep pits or gorges have been built.
This category is mainly comprised of small mountain ranges like Dhauladhar, Nagtiva, Pirpanjal, Mahabharata and Mussoorie.
At the bottom of this range are the famous hill health centers of the country - Shimla, Mussoorie, Nainital, Chakrata, Ranikhet, Darjeeling etc.
There are wide valleys between the Great and Small Himalayas of which the Kashmir Valley and the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal are famous.
The small grasslands found on the slopes of this category are called margs (eg Sonamarg, Gulmarg etc.) in Jammu and Kashmir and Bugyal and Pyar in Uttarakhand.
The Sub Himalayas or Shivalik Range
It is the southernmost range of the Himalayas and is also known as the 'Vahm Himalayas'.
It is the southernmost range of the Himalayan Mountains that extends in an east-west direction parallel to the south of the miniature Himalayas.
Its average elevation is 900 to 12,00 meters with an average width of 10 to 50 km.
It extends from the Potwar plateau of Pakistan to the Kosi River in the east. Near Gorakhpur, it is also called Dundwa range and east side Churiamuria range is called local name.
It is the most recent part of the Himalayan Mountains.
The wide valleys found between the miniature and the Himalayas are called 'Doon' in the west and 'Dwar' in the east.
Dehradun, Kethridun and Patalidun and Haridwar are prime examples.
In the direction of the Himalayan mountain ranges, it goes from east to northeast from Assam.
Next to Namchabarcha, these ranges are located in the southern direction as Patkoi, Naga, Manipur, Lushai, Arakanayoma, etc. which form the boundary between India and Myanmar.
Shivalik is also known as Jammu hills in Jammu and Dafla, Giri, Avor and Mishmi hills in Arunachal Pradesh.
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